Background
The Siberian Consonant Shift is a set of related sound changes that have affected a number of languages spoken in and near Siberia, but belonging to different language families. The languages affected include various Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages. The data in this assignment are all from Turkic languages. Focus only on the consonants mentioned
Notes: Verb stems are provided with a following ‹-›, indicating that these are undeclined forms. The ‹-› symbol is also used to show morpheme boundaries. Reconstructions are approximate, and are indicated with ‹*›. Some data varies by dialect, particularly *ʧ in Kazakh.
Simple changes
- What happened to *ʧ in Bashqort?
- What happened to *ʃ in Bashqort?
| Proto-Kypchak | Bashqort | gloss |
|---|
| *bɯʧ-/*bɪʧ | bɘs-/bəs- | clip |
| *ɑʧ- | ɑs- | open |
| *ɪʧ- | ɘs- | drink |
| *ʧɑj | sæj | tea |
| *ʧɑʧ- | sæs- | scatter |
| *ʧɑʧ | sæs | hair |
| *ʧeʧ- | sis- | decide, untie |
| *ʧɯq- | səq- | emerge |
| *ʧɑq- | sɑq- | bite/strike |
| *qɑʧ- | qɑs- | chase |
| *keʧ | kis | evening |
| *keʧ- | kis- | wade across |
| *keʧæ | kisæ | yesterday |
| *bɑʃ | bɑʃ | head |
| *ɯʃɑn-/*iʃen- | ɯʃɑn- | believe |
| *ɑʃ-ɑ- | ɑʃɑ- | eat |
| *ɪʃ | ɘʃ | work |
| *tɑʃ | tɑʃ | stone |
| *tɑʃ(ɯ)- | tɑʃ- | overflow |
| *qɑʃ | qɑʃ | eyebrow |
| *quʃ | qʊʃ | bird |
| *ʃɪʃ | ʃɘʃ | skewer |
| *ʃɪʃ- | ʃɘʃ- | swell |
| *tɪʃ | tɘʃ | tooth |
| *teʃ- | tiʃ- | make holes |
| *beʃ | biʃ | five |
| *bɪʃ- | bɘʃ- | be boiled / cooked |
|
- What happened to *ʃ in Kazakh?
- What happened to *s in Kazakh?
| Proto-Kypchak | Kazakh | gloss |
|---|
| *bɑʃ | bɑs | head |
| *ɯʃɑn-/*iʃen- | siɘn- | believe |
| *ɑʃ | ɑs | food |
| *ɪʃ | ɘs | work |
| *tɑʃ | tɑs | stone |
| *tɑʃ(ɯ)- | tɑsə- | overflow |
| *qɑʃ | qɑs | eyebrow |
| *quʃ | qʊs | bird |
| *tɪʃ | tɘs | tooth |
| *teʃ- | tiɘs- | make holes |
| *beʃ | biɘs | five |
| *bɪʃ- | pɘs- | be boiled / cooked |
| *ʃɑmɑl | sɑmɑl | breeze |
| *qus- | qʊs- | vomit |
| *sez- | siɘz- | feel |
| *sen | siɘn | you (informal) |
| *sɪz | sɘz | you (formal) |
| *sɯw | sʊw | water |
| *syt | sʉt | milk |
| *kes- | kiɘs- | cut |
| *œs- | yʉs- | grow |
| *tœs | tyʉs | chest |
| *sɯq- | səq- | squeeze |
| *bɑs- | bɑs- | press |
| *seɡɪz | siɘɣɘz | eight |
| *esɪr- | iɘsɘr- | get drunk |
| *qɯsqɑ | qəsqɑ | short |
|
- What happened to *ʧ in Khakas?
- What happened to *ʃ in Khakas?
- What happened to *s in Khakas?
Proto-
Yeniseian Turkic | Khakas | gloss |
|---|
| *bɯʧ- | pɯs- | clip |
| *ɑʧ- | ɑs- | open |
| *ɪʧ- | ɘs- | drink |
| *ʧɑʧ- | sɑs- | scatter |
| *ʧɑʧ | sɑs | hair |
| *ʧeʧ- | sis- | decide, untie |
| *ʧɯq- | sɯx- | emerge |
| *ʧɯq | sɯx | dew |
| *ʧɑq- | sɑx- | bite/strike |
| *qɑʧ- | xɑs- | chase |
| *keʧ- | kis- | wade across |
| *bɑʃ | pɑs | head |
| *ɑʃ | ɑs | food |
| *tɑʃ | tɑs | stone |
| *tɑʃ- | tɑs- | overflow |
| *qɑʃ | xɑs | eyebrow |
| *quʃ | xus | bird |
| *ʃɪʃ | sɘs | skewer |
| *ʃɪʃ- | sɘs- | swell |
| *tɪʃ | tɘs | tooth |
| *teʃ- | tis- | make holes |
| *beʃ | pis | five |
| *bɯʃ- | pɯs- | be boiled / cooked |
| *qus- | xus- | vomit |
| *ses- | sis- | feel |
| *sen | sin | you (informal) |
| *suʁ | suʁ | water |
| *syt | syt | milk |
| *kes- | kis- | cut |
| *œs- | œs- | grow |
| *bɑs- | pɑs- | press |
| *seɡɪs | siɡɘs | eight |
|
- Write rules to describe the changes you identified.
- Were any new homophones created?
Conditioning environments
- What happened to *s in Bashqort?
| Proto-Kypchak | Bashqort | gloss |
|---|
| *qus- | quθ- | vomit |
| *kes- | kiθ- | cut |
| *œs- | ʉθ- | grow |
| *bɑs- | bɑθ- | press |
| *sez- | hið- | feel |
| *sen | hin | you (informal) |
| *sɪz | hɘð | you (formal) |
| *sɯw | hɯw | water |
| *syt | hʉt | milk |
| *sɯq- | həq- | squeeze |
| *seɡɪz | hiɣɘð | eight |
| *esɪr- | iθɘr- | get drunk |
| *ɪsɪ | ɘθɘ | hot |
| *jɑstɯq | jɑθtɯq | pillow |
| *qɯsqɑ | qɯθqɑ | short |
|
- What happened to *ʧ in Kazakh?
| Proto-Kypchak | Kazakh | gloss |
|---|
| *ʧɯq- | ʧəq- | emerge |
| *ʧɯq | ʧəq | dew |
| *ʧɑq- | ʧɑq- | bite/strike |
| *ʧɑj | ʧæj | tea |
| *ʧɑʧ- | ʧæʃ- | scatter |
| *ʧɑʧ | ʧæʃ | hair |
| *ʧeʧ- | ʧiɘʃ- | decide, untie |
| *bɯʧ-/*bɪʧ- | pɘʃ- | clip |
| *ɑʧ- | ɑʃ- | open |
| *ɪʧ- | ɘʃ- | drink |
| *qɑʧ- | qɑʃ- | chase |
| *keʧ | kiɘʃ | evening |
| *keʧ- | kiɘʃ- | wade across |
| *keʧæ | kiɘʃiɘ | yesterday |
|
- What happened to *ʧ in Sakha?
- What happened to *ʃ in Sakha?
- What happened to *s in Sakha?
Proto-
Lena Turkic | Sakha | gloss |
|---|
| *ʧiːk | siːk | dew |
| *ʧɑːl-ɯn- | sɑːl-ɯn- | trip |
| *ʧɑq- | sɑx- | strike a fire |
| *bɯʧ- | bɯs- | clip |
| *ɑʧ- | ɑs- | open |
| *iʧ- | is- | drink |
| *qɑʧ- | xɑs- | chase |
| *keʧ- | kes- | wade across |
| *keːʧæ | kiæhæ | yesterday |
| *sɑʧ- | ɯs- | scatter |
| *sɑʧ | ɑs | hair |
| *seʧ- | es- | destroy |
| *sɯk- | ɯk- | squeeze |
| *sen | en | you (informal) |
| *suʁ | uː | water |
| *syːt | yːt | milk |
| *sɯq- | ɯq- | squeeze |
| *sɑʁɯs | ɑʁɯs | eight |
| *tœːs | tyœs | chest |
| *esir- | itir- | get drunk |
| *ɯsɯr- | ɯtɯr- | bite |
| *isiɡ | itiː | hot |
| *jɑstɯk | sɯttɯk | pillow |
| *bɑʃ | bɑs | head |
| *ɑʃ | ɑs | food |
| *tɑːʃ | tɑːs | stone |
| *tɑʃɯj- | tɑhɯj- | overflow |
| *qɑːʃ | xɑːs | eyebrow |
| *kuʃ | kus | bird |
| *kuʃ-ɑ | kuhɑ | its bird |
| *siʃ- | is- | swell |
| *tiːʃ | tiːs | tooth |
| *teʃ- | tes- | make holes |
| *beːʃ | biæs | five |
| *beːʃ-Inʧ | behis | fifth |
| *bɯʃ- | bus- | be boiled / cooked |
|
- Write rules to describe the changes you identified, keeping in mind context.
Rule ordering
- In the previous section, does the order of the rules matter?
- Combine the rules from the first two parts for each Kazakh and Bashqort. Do the rules need to be ordered?
- Do the rules for Khakas or Sakha need to be ordered?
Phonological system change
- How have the sound systems of each language changed?