LING 052 — Fall 2016
Historical and Comparative Linguistics

Background

Most Turkic languages exhibit some alternations in combinations of pronouns and case suffixes. Some of these alternations correspond to the normal phonology of the languages, but some of them are due to historic phonological processes or morphological restructuring.

For each language's data (ignoring all other languages' data), try to address the following points:

1. Identify all alternations. Where is the system irregular? Are any alternations explainable as a part of the regular phonology of the language?
2. For each alternation, propose an original form of each morpheme. Is there another option? What evidence would be able to tell these options apart? Is there enough data given here to decide on just one alternation?
3. Is your internal reconstruction confirmed by comparative data? Might it need revision? Can you tell either way?

Turkish

gloss	nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	locative	ablative	instrumental
1sg	bæn	beni	benim	bɑnɑ	bændɛ	bændæn	benimlɛ~bænlɛ
2sg	sæn	seni	senin	sɑnɑ	sændɛ	sændæn	seninlɛ~sænlɛ
3sg	oɫ	onu	onun	onɑ	ondɑ	ondɑn	onunɫɑ~onɫɑ
1pl	biz	bizi	bizim	bizɛ	bizdɛ	bizdæn	bizimlɛ~bizlɛ
2pl	siz	sizi	sizin	sizɛ	sizdɛ	sizdæn	sizinlɛ~sizlɛ
3pl	onɫɑɾ	onɫɑɾɯ	onɫɑɾɯn	onɫɑɾɑ	onɫɑɾdɑ	onɫɑɾdɑn	onɫɑɾɫɑ
gloss	nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	locative	ablative	instrumental
apple	elmɑ	elmɑjɯ	elmɑnɯn	elmɑjɑ	elmɑdɑ	elmɑdɑn	elmɑjɫɑ
sand	kʰum	kʰumu	kʰumun	kʰumɑ	kʰumdɑ	kʰumdɑn	kʰumɫɑ
moon, month	ɑj	ɑjɯ	ɑjɯn	ɑjɑ	ɑjdɑ	ɑjdɑn	ɑjɫɑ
title, reputation	sɑn	sɑnɯ	sɑnɯn	sɑnɑ	sɑndɑ	sɑndɑn	sɑnɫɑ
word	sœz	sœzy	sœzyn	sœzɛ	sœzdɛ	sœzdæn	sœzlɛ
words	sœzlæɾ	sœzleɾi	sœzleɾin	sœzlæɾdɛ	sœzlɛɾɛ	sœzlæɾdæn	sœzlæɾlɛ

Chuvash

gloss	nominative	dative-accusative	genitive	locative	ablative	instrumental
1sg	ˈɛbɘ~ɛp	mɑˈnɑ	ˈmɑn(ən)	mɑnˈɾɑ	mɑnˈɾɑn	mɑnˈbɑ
2sg	ˈɛzɘ~ɛs	sɑˈnɑ	ˈsɑn(ən)	sɑnˈɾɑ	sɑnˈɾɑn	sɑnˈbɑ
3sg	ʋɒɫ	ɒˈnɑ	ˈun(ən)	unˈɾɑ	unˈɾɑn	unˈbɑ
1pl	ɛˈbiɾ~ˈɛbɘɾ	piˈɾʲɛ	ˈpiɾɘn	pir(ɘn)ˈdʲɛ	piɾ(ɘn)ˈdʲɛn	piɾɘnˈbʲɛ
2pl	ɛˈziɾ~ˈɛzɘɾ	siˈɾʲɛ	ˈsiɾɘn	sir(ɘn)ˈdʲɛ	siɾ(ɘn)ˈdʲɛn	siɾɘnˈbʲɛ
3pl	ʋœˈzʲɛm	ʋœzʲɛˈnʲɛ	ʋœˈzʲɛn	ʋœzʲɛnˈʥʲɛ	ʋœzʲɛnˈʥʲɛn	ʋœzʲɛmˈbʲɛ
gloss	nominative	dative-accusative	genitive	locative	ablative	instrumental
oak	juˈmɑn	jumɑˈnɑ	juˈmɑnən	jumɑnˈɾɑ	jumɑnˈɾɑn	jumɑnˈbɑ
door	ˈɑɫək	ɑɫəˈɣɑ	ˈɑɫəɣən	ˈɑɫəkˈɾɑ	ˈɑɫəkˈɾɑn	ˈɑɫəkˈbɑ
mirror	ˈtœɣɘɾ	tœɣɘˈɾʲɛ	ˈtœɣɘɾɘn	ˈtœɣɘɾˈdʲɛ	tœɣɘɾˈdʲɛn	tœɣɘɾˈbʲɛ
child	ɑˈʥɑ	ɑʥɑˈnɑ	ɑˈʥɑn	ɑʥɑˈɾɑ	ɑʥɑˈɾɑn	ɑʥɑˈbɑ
children	ɑʥɑˈzʲɛm	ɑʥɑzʲɛˈnʲɛ	ɑʥɑˈzʲɛn	ɑʥɑzʲɛnˈʥʲɛ	ɑʥɑzʲɛnˈʥʲɛn	ɑʥɑzʲɛmˈbʲɛ

Kyrgyz

gloss	nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	locative	ablative	equative
1sg	men	meni	menin	mɑʁɑ~mɑɴɑ~mɑː	mende	menden	mendej
2sg familiar	sen	seni	senin	sɑʁɑ~sɑɴɑ~sɑː	sende	senden	sendej
2sg formal	siz	sizdi	sizdin	sizɡe	sizde	sizden	sizdej
3sg	ɑɫ	ɑnɯ	ɑnɯn	ɑʁɑ~ɑɴɑ	ɑndɑ	ɑndɑn	ɑndɑj
1pl	biz	bizdi	bizdin	bizɡe	bizde	bizden	bizdej
2pl familiar	sileɾ	sileɾdi	sileɾdin	sileɾɡe	sileɾde	sileɾden	sileɾdej
2pl formal	sizdeɾ	sizdeɾdi	sizdeɾdin	sizdeɾɡe	sizdeɾde	sizdeɾden	sizdeɾdej
3pl	ɑɫɑɾ	ɑɫɑɾdɯ	ɑɫɑɾdɯn	ɑɫɑɾʁɑ	ɑɫɑɾdɑ	ɑɫɑɾdɑn	ɑɫɑɾdɑj
gloss	nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	locative	ablative	equative
apple	ɑɫmɑ	ɑɫmɑnɯ	ɑɫmɑnɯn	ɑɫmɑʁɑ	ɑɫmɑdɑ	ɑɫmɑdɑn	ɑɫmɑdɑj
sand, desert	qʰum	qʰumdu	qʰumdun	qʰumʁɑ	qʰumdɑ	qʰumdɑn	qʰumdɑj
moon, month	ɑj	ɑjdɯ	ɑjdɯn	ɑjʁɑ	ɑjdɑ	ɑjdɑn	ɑjdɑj
brain	meː	meːni	meːnin	meːɣe	meːde	meːden	meːdej
word	sœz	sœzdy	sœzdyn	sœzgœ	sœzdœ	sœzdœn	sœzdœj
moons, months	ɑjɫɑɾ	ɑjɫɑɾdɯ	ɑjɫɑɾdɯn	ɑjɫɑɾʁɑ	ɑjɫɑɾdɑ	ɑjɫɑɾdɑn	ɑjɫɑɾdɑj

Tuvan

gloss	nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	locative	ablative	allative
1sg	men	meni	meːŋ	meː~meŋeː	mende	menden	menʧe
2sg	sen	seni	seːŋ	seː~seŋeː	sende	senden	senʧe
3sg	oɫ	onu	oːɴ	ɑː~ɑɴɑː	ɯndɑ	oːn	oɫʧe
1pl	bis	bisti	bistiŋ	biske	biste	bisten	bisʧe
2pl	sileɾ	sileɾni	sileɾniŋ	sileɾɡe	sileɾde	sileɾden	sileɾʤe
3pl	oɫɑɾ	oɫɑɾnɯ	oɫɑɾnɯɴ	oɫɑɾʁɑ	oɫɑɾdɑ	oɫɑɾddɑn	oɫɑɾʤe
gloss	nominative	accusative	genitive	dative	locative	ablative	allative
apple	ɑɫmɑ	ɑɫmɑnɯ	ɑɫmɑnɯn	ɑɫmɑʁɑ	ɑɫmɑdɑ	ɑɫmɑdɑn	ɑɫmɑdɑj
sand, desert	qʰum	qʰumnu	qʰumnuɴ	qʰumʁɑ	qʰumdɑ	qʰumdɑn	qʰumʧe
moon, month	ɑj	ɑjnɯ	ɑjnɯn	ɑjʁɑ	ɑjdɑ	ɑjdɑn	ɑjʤe
brain	meː	meːni	meːniŋ	meːge	meːde	meːden	meːʤe
word	sœs	sœsty	sœstyŋ	sœske	sœste	sœsten	sœsʧe
moons, months	ɑjɫɑɾ	ɑjɫɑndɯ	ɑjɫɑɾnɯɴ	ɑjɫɑɾʁɑ	ɑjɫɑɾdɑ	ɑjɫɑɾdɑn	ɑjɫɑɾʤe